The enterprise is based on General taxation system (basic or basic). Let's calculate the tax amount

The general taxation system for LLCs includes a whole list of taxes, which includes local, regional and federal deductions. At the same time, federal taxes apply to the territory of any region of the country, and regional taxes apply exclusively where the relevant laws on their purpose have been adopted.

This law establishes the appropriate reporting form, the tax payment deadline and its rate. By order of local authorities, local taxes are established.

Features of management

Accounting for all transactions, income and expenses at enterprises is carried out in a specially opened book. The procedure for maintaining it and its form are approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance.

The process of filling out this book is quite labor-intensive. It includes 6 sections, each of them contains a table. The organization enters into the book all the information on its activities to calculate the tax base, as well as in order to have an idea of ​​​​its own financial situation.

OSNO for LLC in 2014 involves the payment of UTII, provided that the organization carries out strictly specific activities (service station, studio, trade, etc.).

Who should use OSNO

The general taxation system should be used by those companies that do not have the right to use the Unified Agricultural Tax and the simplified taxation system:

• companies that produce excisable products;
• lawyers, banks, notaries, insurance companies and pawnshops;
• organizations whose authorized capital consists of 25% contributions from other organizations;
• foreign companies;
• organizations if the number of employees is more than 100 people;
• organizations if their income exceeds more than 60 million rubles;
• organizations whose funds cost more than 100 million rubles.

OSNO is very beneficial to use when the majority of the company’s partners and customers also use the classic tax system and pay VAT.

In this case, each participant in the relationship has the opportunity to reduce the VAT payable to the budget by the amount of tax that was received from the supplier.

How to switch to OSNO

If, when creating an organization, it has not submitted an application for transition to or to within 30 days, then the classical tax system (OSNO) is automatically assigned.

If, in the course of its activities, an organization that uses a simplified or single tax has lost the right to use any of these special regimes, then they need to submit an application to switch to the regular system.

You can lose the right to use any regime other than OSNO if the company is engaged in activities that do not allow it to be used, if the revenue is more than the threshold indicator or the number of employees exceeds the limited value.

Taxes

A company that operates on the basis of a general taxation system pays the following list of taxes:

• VAT (Value Added Tax) is generally 18%. In the case of sales of products for children, medical or food products - 10%, and for export activities - 0%.
• , which make up 20%.
• Personal income tax is charged on any payment and is 13%.
• The contribution to the extra-budgetary fund is generally approximately 30% and includes health insurance 5.1%, pension insurance 22%, social insurance 2.9%, accident insurance 0.2%.
• Enterprise property tax. Rates may vary within 2.2% of the value of the enterprise’s property per year.
• Transport tax (only if the enterprise owns vehicles). In this case, the rate directly depends on the power of the car engine.
• Land tax. The land tax rate is no more than 1.5% of the value of owned land.

Depending on the details of the business activity, LLC taxes on OSNO also include excise taxes, water taxes and mineral extraction taxes.

Accounting Rules

Organizations that are on OSNO must keep accounting records as an obligation. All accounting rules and features of accounting for transactions are approved in the relevant accounting regulations.

Today, there are at least 20 different provisions that prescribe the procedure for maintaining records of different groups of transactions and types of property.

In addition, OSNO for an LLC involves maintaining a sales book and a purchase book in order to take into account VAT. Tax and accounting reporting do not always coincide, because the tax report indicates only the income that is necessary to determine the income tax, while the accounting report indicates the entire expenditure and revenue side of the business entity.

All organizations must also keep records of cash transactions, which is manifested in the execution of cash orders and the company's cash book in accordance with Bank of Russia Regulation N 373-P.

Documentation

• The VAT return is submitted quarterly to the tax office by the 20th;
• The land tax declaration is submitted once every 1 year until 1.02. the year following the reporting year;
• The transport tax declaration is submitted once every 1 year until 1.02. the year following the reporting year;
• The property tax return is submitted every quarter before the expiration of 30 days from the end of the previous quarter;
• An accounting report to the statistical authorities and the tax office, which must be submitted every year 3 months before the end of the year;
• An organization's income tax return, which is submitted every quarter by the 28th day of the month following the end of the quarter;
• Report on salary tax to the social insurance fund and pension fund - by the 15th day of the month following the last reporting month;
• The personal income tax report is submitted once every 1 year before April 1 of the year following the reporting year.

All companies and individual entrepreneurs pay taxes and contributions. The types of taxes and the procedure for their payment are determined by the taxation system on which the business operates. The main tax system (OSNO) is assigned to taxpayers by default. In this article we will talk about its key features and consider the main pros and cons in comparison with special regimes (simplified tax, UTII, agricultural tax, PSN).

OSNO for enterprises and individual entrepreneurs

There is no strict definition of the general taxation system. The set of taxes on OSNO may vary depending on the type of activity. The main mode is universal: any company and individual entrepreneur can use it.

Taxes for legal entities

General regime companies are required to pay the following taxes:

• company income tax;
• property tax.

Value added tax is paid on the sale of goods and services. The payment is reduced by the amount of input VAT, which is included in payments under agreements with counterparties. The rate can be 0%, 10% and 18% depending on the transaction. From January 1, 2019, the 18% rate is replaced by 20%.

When calculating income tax, the tax base is the difference between income and expenses. The tax rate is 20% of the result obtained. However, not all costs can be deducted from income. The Tax Code establishes a list of expenses that cannot be included in the tax base.

The property tax rate differs by region and type of property, but cannot be more than 2.2%. But special regime officers pay this tax only for real estate taxed at cadastral value.

Taxes for individual entrepreneurs

For individual entrepreneurs, the main taxes on the general system are:

• Personal income tax on business income;
• tax on property involved in running a business.

The property tax rate for individuals is determined by local or regional regulations.

The standard personal income tax rate is 13%. The tax base for personal income tax is reduced by the amount of justified expenses. If an individual entrepreneur cannot confirm his expenses, he has the right to a deduction in the amount of 20% of the proceeds. Income and expenses from running a business must be taken into account separately from other cash flows of the individual entrepreneur. The same applies to property used in business.

Other taxes and fees

In addition, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs are required to transfer personal income tax for their employees and pay insurance contributions to funds for them. Individual entrepreneurs also pay fixed contributions to the Pension Fund and the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund for themselves.

There are other taxes that are paid on the general system. If you have cars on your balance sheet, you pay transport tax, and if you have a plot of land, you pay land tax. If the activity is related to the extraction of mineral resources, the payments will include the mineral extraction tax. You can also become an excise tax payer when selling a certain list of goods. Other taxes that are much less common are water tax, gambling tax and fees for the use of natural objects (fauna and aquatic biological resources).

Is OSNO a regime for large businesses?

The general system is associated with large and medium-sized businesses. But often small businesses also work on it. Upon registration, any company or individual entrepreneur automatically becomes an OSNO payer. Beginning entrepreneurs sometimes simply do not know about their right to work on another system. If you want to work under a preferential regime, you need to notify the tax office about this immediately when applying for registration. The Federal Tax Service may refuse to apply for a special regime if you do not meet the established requirements.

Most often, especially for small businesses, the general mode is not a voluntary choice, because working in special modes is easier, and businessmen often choose them. But existing legal entities and individual entrepreneurs may lose their right to apply the special regime. This occurs due to non-compliance with the limits established for simplification and other preferential systems. Then they switch to OSNO.

You can combine the main system with other modes for maximum benefit. You can engage in activities simultaneously in the general mode and imputed mode, as well as the general mode and PSN (only for individual entrepreneurs). Combinations of OSN+STS and OSN+ESKHN are not permitted. When combining systems, you need to keep separate records for each of them.

Pros and cons of the main tax system

The general system is considered the most difficult mode for small businesses. These are some of the reasons why enterprises and individual entrepreneurs try to switch to special regimes whenever possible. OSNO difficulties:

If you use outsourcing services, the cost will be more expensive than for special modes.

Special modes are more convenient for small and micro-enterprises. For example, on imputation and patent tax does not depend at all on the income actually received, which is often beneficial for entrepreneurs. In the simplified version, you can choose between two tax calculation schemes: on income and on the difference between income and expenses.

Despite all the difficulties, the general mode has advantages:

• No restrictions. You do not need to comply with limits on income, employees, or asset value. You can freely open branches, expanding the scale of your business.
• VAT payer organizations that themselves operate under the general regime are more willing to cooperate with companies operating on OSNO and do not like to cooperate with simplifiers and other special regimes. When purchasing goods or services from special regime agents, there is no VAT, which means there is no right to a tax deduction.
• Special regime officers cannot claim for deduction VAT paid on the import of goods or services. But enterprises and individual entrepreneurs have this right on the main system.
• Working in a general mode can also be effective for companies that provide medical or educational services. For such activities the income tax rate will be 0%.

Weigh all the pros and cons for your business and work on OSNO or special modes in the cloud service for small businesses Kontur.Accounting. Most operations in the service are automated: easily keep records, pay taxes and fees, send reports via the Internet. Take a closer look at the service for free in the first 14 days of operation.

Until 2010, UST, replaced by insurance contributions to funds). If you are not engaged only in activities subject to UTII and do not have the right to apply the simplified tax system and unified agricultural tax (or did not submit an application to switch to the simplified tax system and unified agricultural tax on time), you are required to apply the general taxation system. Accounting for OSN is carried out using.

Insurance premiums

Accounting

Mandatory accounting (in organizations) and tax records (they may vary), a fairly large set of reports is submitted quarterly to the tax, statistics and social insurance fund. VAT returns are submitted quarterly. Such accounting should be entrusted to a hired chief accountant or accounting organization.

pros

• A company on OSN is a VAT payer. All medium and large companies also apply DST, and they need their costs to include VAT. If you are on OSN, you will be able to work with them without problems.

Since you are a VAT payer, your counterparties, having paid you for goods (work, services) with VAT, have the right to deduct the paid VAT. If your organization will work primarily with counterparties who are on the general tax system (that is, VAT payers), the possibility of deducting VAT is quite a significant plus, since otherwise (if you were not a VAT payer) your counterparties would bear would be financial losses due to the inability to deduct VAT on transactions with you.

• If an organization receives a loss, it does not pay income tax, and it is possible to take this loss into account in the future (reduce the amount of tax by the amount of the loss).

Minuses

Extremely burdensome taxation.

see also

Accounting Encyclopedia. 2013 .

See what the “General Taxation System” is in other dictionaries:

- (imputation system of taxation) A system of corporate tax (corporation tax), where all or part of this tax is treated as a tax credit against the income tax that shareholders pay on their dividends. Such... ... Dictionary of business terms

TAX SYSTEM WITH CONDITIONAL ACCRUAL- (imputation system of taxation) A system of levying corporation tax (corporation tax), where all or part of this tax is treated as a tax credit against the income tax paid by shareholders on their dividends ... Financial Dictionary

Tax system- – a set of taxes and fees levied in accordance with the established procedure. The foundations of the current tax system of the Russian Federation were laid in 1992. At this time, a package of laws of the Russian Federation was adopted on... ... Wikipedia

Simplified taxation system- A simplified taxation system is a special type of tax regime aimed at reducing the tax burden in small business organizations and facilitating tax accounting and bookkeeping. Contents 1 Procedure for calculating tax... ... Wikipedia

TAX CREDIT SYSTEM- (tax credit system) A taxation system in which individuals, depending on their needs, enjoy tax benefits; if the amount of tax on their income is less than the amount of their tax credit, they can be reimbursed for the excess... ... Dictionary of business terms

TAX CREDIT SYSTEM- (tax credit system) A taxation system in which individuals, depending on their needs, enjoy tax benefits; if the amount of tax on their income is less than the amount of their tax credit, they can get a refund for it... ... Financial Dictionary

system- s; and. [from Greek systēma whole, made up of parts, connection] 1. of something. A certain order based on mutual connection, the unification of parts of something. The books on the shelves are arranged without any system. It is necessary to bring into the system expeditionary... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

system- s; and. (from the Greek sýstēma whole, made up of parts, connection) see also. systemic 1) of something A certain order based on mutual connection, the unification of parts of something. The books on the shelves are arranged without any system. We need to bring it into the system... ... Dictionary of many expressions

CLASSICAL CORPORATION TAX SYSTEM- (classical system of corporation tax) A system of taxation of companies, which involves separate taxation of the company and its shareholders. As a result, under such a system, company profits are taxed twice, first as profits... ... Financial Dictionary

The basic tax regime is not in demand among Russians, as it creates an unbearable burden. An individual entrepreneur on OSNO must pay VAT, personal income tax, property tax, submit thick folders of reports and is forced to add one additional employee to his staff - an accountant. It is almost impossible to cope with such complex tax accounting alone, especially for “young” businessmen. But this mode also has its advantages, the main ones being absolute no restrictions and, as a result, high prospects for business development and expansion in the future.

What is OSNO for individual entrepreneurs

This is a basic mode with no restrictions or concessions. The taxpayer must pay all types of taxes, contributions, submit various declarations, reports, maintain complex tax records and bookkeeping.

But on OSNO the individual entrepreneur is not limited in anything. He can recruit as many employees as necessary for the smooth and successful operation of his company, expand the boundaries of his business, increase production volume, strive for profit growth, and change the direction of activity.

All this is impossible under special regimes, since the right to use them is granted only to those individual entrepreneurs whose business meets a number of requirements:

• The average annual number of personnel does not exceed the norm: 100 people for the simplified tax system, UTII, 15 for PSN;
• The cost of fixed assets is below the limit, for example, on the simplified tax system - it is 100 million;
• Annual income is less than the established limit;
• The type of activity is included in the list of those subject to a specific regime.

Transition to OSNO

BASIC is the default mode. You can switch to it either voluntarily or automatically, without submitting an application to the Federal Tax Service.

When registering a business activity, a businessman must choose which system he wants to pay taxes under. If the choice fell on one of the special regimes - simplified tax system, UTII, PSN or unified agricultural tax - he must submit a corresponding application to the Federal Tax Service. And a maximum of 30 days is allotted for this from the date of opening of the individual entrepreneur.

When an entrepreneur decides to go with OSNO, he does not need to apply for it. It will be transferred to this mode automatically as soon as 30 days have passed from the date of official opening of the IP.

A voluntary transfer of an individual entrepreneur to OSNO can only be done at the beginning of a new period, so the corresponding notification should be submitted to the Federal Tax Service by January 15.

The application form depends on the type of system under which you were previously taxed. In fact, this is not even a form about switching to OSNO, but a petition to deregister you from UTII, USN, Unified Agricultural Tax or PSN. As soon as it is approved, you will be automatically enrolled in the ranks of payers under the general regime.

Which form should be submitted on different systems, see the table:

If you have lost your right to PSN, you will be transferred to OSN within five days from the date of submission of the application. But they will transfer you not from the date of filing the notification, but from the very beginning of the period for which the patent was issued. This misunderstanding is due to the fact that the PSN is not divided into quarters. For example, they transfer from the simplified tax system to the OSN from the quarter in which a violation was recorded.

If you have lost your right to a special regime, you should notify the tax office within fifteen days from the beginning of the month following the one in which the violation was recorded. But if you don't do this, you will be transferred automatically.

Advantages and disadvantages

Many taxpayers are switching to the general system purposefully, since this regime has, although few, significant advantages:

• The most important advantage is payment of VAT. This tax will make cooperation with you more attractive in the eyes of large and medium-sized counterparties, who, like you, pay VAT. By working with you, they can reduce their deductions.
• The second plus is the absence of restrictions. You can plan the development of your business as you please. Endlessly expand, increase turnover and profits.
• And lastly, an individual entrepreneur can combine OSNO with all simplified modes, except for the simplified tax system and unified agricultural tax. This will optimize taxation.

The disadvantages include numerous deductions, reports, declarations and complex accounting.

Taxes

In 2020, individual entrepreneurs taxed under OSNO pay all mandatory taxes:

Depending on the type of work performed, individual entrepreneurs at OSNO may pay additional taxes:

• For the involvement of objects of the animal world;
• For mining;
• For the use of aquatic biological resources;
• Water;
• Excise taxes.

If a businessman has employees, then he also pays insurance premiums for them: to the Pension Fund, Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund and Social Insurance Fund.

What is personal income tax

Personal income tax is mandatory for individual entrepreneurs. Organizations pay income tax instead.

In 2020, individual entrepreneurs under the general tax regime calculate personal income tax at a fixed rate of 13%. The following is used as a tax basis:

• All income generated by the business;
• Personal income (for yourself);
• Contributions in favor of employees.

In the latter case, the businessman assumes the role of intermediary, and the taxpayers are the employees. You can find out all types of income from which personal income tax for personnel must be deducted in Art. 208 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Not subject to personal income tax:

• Business travel;
• Accountable means;
• Material aid.

If a citizen of the Russian Federation acts as an individual entrepreneur on OSNO, a rate of 13% is acceptable for him. Otherwise it increases to 30%.

Calculation and payment algorithm

Calculation and payment of personal income tax are carried out according to the following algorithm:

1. The individual entrepreneur receives his first income of the year;
2. Calculates estimated income for the entire year;
3. Takes expenses away from him;
4. Fills out the 4-NDFL declaration, including information about possible income;
5. Submits it to the Federal Tax Service;
6. Receives a notification in which advance amounts have already been calculated and indicated;
7. Pays them on time, which are also indicated in the notice;
8. At the end of the tax year, fill out the 3-NDFL declaration taking into account real income;
9. Pays the tax calculated according to the declaration or returns the overpaid amount.

If you have been working under OSNO for the second or more years in a row, you do not need to fill out a repeat form 4-NDFL. You should start immediately from the sixth point.

Payment deadlines

In 2020, individual entrepreneurs who have chosen the general taxation system pay advances on personal income tax in every quarter except the first. Follow the following pattern:

If you do not receive a notification from the Federal Tax Service regarding advance payments, feel free to pay the entire amount at the end of the tax period. No penalties will be charged for unpaid advances..

Payment of income tax calculated from funds accrued in favor of oneself and employees is made the next day after the payment of wages.

Formula for calculation

To calculate personal income tax, the formula is used: (income - tax deductions - advance payments) x rate. Where:

• Income is the proceeds that a businessman received as a result of his activities. Any form of profit is taken into account - both monetary and natural. Everything that is associated with material gain.
• Tax deductions are business expenses. All tax deductions that were transferred to individual entrepreneurs in the reporting period, all expenses for current activities, for the purchase of raw materials, vehicles, equipment. The individual entrepreneur determines the composition of expenses independently, adhering to Chapter 25 of the Tax Code. But it can fully take into account only those costs that are documented. If this is not possible, legislation allows you to reduce income by only 20%.

What is VAT

VAT is an indirect tax or, in other words, a percentage calculated and charged by the seller on top of the basic price of the product. There are 2 types of such duties:

1. Domestic - when a product or service is sold on the territory of the Russian Federation.
2. Import tax - charged on goods imported into the Russian Federation.

The tax base for calculating VAT is determined on the day of full or partial payment/prepayment for services, goods and work. According to the law, the latest date is taken for calculation.

There are several rates for calculating VAT:

• 0% - for export of goods from the Russian Federation;
• 10% - for the sale of children's goods, food, printed publications, books and medical goods;
• 18% - for all other cases.

If the amount of income for 3 months does not exceed 2 million rubles, the individual entrepreneur has the right to submit a petition to the Federal Tax Service for exemption from VAT.

Calculation procedure

Individual entrepreneurs on OSNO calculate value added tax using the formula: VAT on sales - tax deduction + VAT on restoration. Where:

• VAT on sales is a percentage added by the seller to the basic price for a product/service/work. That is, after the sale, he receives funds for the product itself and VAT. The latter is reflected in the invoice and declaration separately.
• Tax deduction - “input” VAT paid by the seller when purchasing goods/services/work. If the input tax turns out to be more than what was received, then the difference can be reimbursed from the budget.
• VAT to be restored is the tax that is subject to restoration. For example, when switching to another regime, the VAT that was included in the deduction must be restored and paid. This is due to the fact that after changing the regime you will not pay VAT that has already been claimed as a deduction.

It is better to entrust VAT calculations to an experienced accountant, since this is one of the most complex types of calculations in accounting.

Payment deadlines

Individual entrepreneurs on the general taxation system must pay VAT monthly, that is, the total amount for the reporting quarter should be divided into 3 equal parts and paid:

• One - before the 25th day of the first month of the next quarter;
• The second - until the 25th day of the second month of the next quarter;
• The third - until the 25th day of the last month of the next quarter.

For example, 3 equal installments for the second quarter (April, May, June) must be paid in alternate order:

• July 25;
• 25-th of August;
• September 25.

Property tax

All individual entrepreneurs on OSNO pay mandatory property tax. It is calculated from the total cadastral (Chapter 32 of the Tax Code) value of real estate, which is owned by the businessman.

The fee must be paid by November 15 of the following reporting year. The recipient of the payment is the local municipality. It is its employees who set the current rate in the region.

There is no need to calculate property taxes. The tax office will do this and then send a notification to your address with the amount due. Formula for calculation: (cadastral value - tax deduction) x share size x rate. Where:

• Cadastral is the value of an object from the real estate cadastre, recorded as of January 1.
• A tax deduction is a certain percentage of the value of the property by which the cadastral value can be reduced. It is established by local authorities. For example, you can subtract the price of 20 square meters from the price of an apartment.
• The size of the share is the share of property owned by the individual entrepreneur.

All OSNO participants must switch to calculating the cadastral value by January 1, 2020. Therefore, those persons who did not have time to approve the cadastral value will continue to pay according to the old formula: inventory value x rate x share size.

Reporting and accounting features

The general taxation system for individual entrepreneurs involves filing a return for each tax:

If an individual entrepreneur did not work for the entire tax period, and this is confirmed by zero activity in his accounts and at the cash desk, instead of all quarterly KND 1151001, he can submit a single simplified declaration.

In addition to declarations, individual entrepreneurs are required to fill out KUDIR. The book must contain all the information about the company’s income, expenses, and business transactions.

Individual entrepreneurs on OSNO must fill out KUDIR using the cash method. That is, information is reflected for each individual unit of product/service/work. The book of income and expenses must be submitted to the tax authority for certification.

Individual entrepreneur accounting also includes:

• Reporting on insurance premiums;
• Reporting for employees;
• Account book of purchases and sales for calculating VAT;
• Personnel and salary accounting.

Fines and penalties: tightening control in 2020

In 2020, debtors will pay overdue payments according to different rules, since their size and calculation procedure have changed:

• For delay in payment up to 30 days, based on 1/300 of the Central Bank refinancing rate;
• For delays of more than 30 days, based on 1/500 of the Central Bank refinancing rate.

That is, the amount of the penalty, starting from 31 days of delay, will double, so try not to delay payments. And keep in mind that it is better to entrust accounting and payment of taxes using such a complex system as OSNO to professionals. Otherwise, avoiding administrative pressure from the Federal Tax Service will be very problematic.

The general taxation regime is applied by companies and entrepreneurs by default, provided that they have not submitted an application to switch to a special regime - simplified tax system or UTII. Organizations with an income level above 45 million rubles. in 9 months and more than 60 million rubles. per year, numbering more than 100 people. and the cost of fixed assets does not exceed 100 million rubles. are required to use OSNO.

The peculiarity of OSNO is that companies must pay basic taxes on it, the main ones being income tax (for organizations), personal income tax (for individual entrepreneurs) and VAT. Accounting on OSNO is carried out in full using the chart of accounts; such accounting is difficult to maintain independently and it is better to entrust it to professional accountants or an accounting organization.

In addition to the fact that this regime is quite burdensome and requires additional costs, it also entails increased attention from tax and law enforcement agencies.

We can also highlight a number of advantages of OSNO, which determine the choice of this mode by organizations and entrepreneurs. This is, in particular, the absence of restrictions on types of activities, as well as on the amount of revenue, work space, property, and the number of employees. In addition, if an organization receives a loss, it may not pay income tax and reduce the tax in the future by the amount of the loss. Whereas with UTII the payment of tax does not depend on the amount of actual profit, but with the simplified tax system the tax is paid on revenue.

To work with large companies, it is also advisable to use OSNO, since they are VAT payers and it is more profitable for them if their expenses include input VAT.

Taxes of organizations on OSNO

Taxes paid by organizations on OSNO include:

Corporate income tax - paid at a standard rate of 20% on the difference between income (excluding VAT) and expenses; in some regions preferential rates may be established;

VAT at rates 18%, 10%, 0%;

Tax on - the rate is set by the regions and is no more than 2.2%), paid on the residual value of fixed assets;

Other taxes if there is an object of taxation - for example, mineral extraction tax, excise taxes, land tax, etc.

Taxes paid by individual entrepreneurs on OSN

Individual entrepreneurs on OSNO are required to pay personal income tax and VAT. Personal income tax in the amount of 13% is paid on business income, as well as those incomes on which personal income tax was not withheld. Income may be reduced by professional expenses. If it is impossible to provide documentary evidence, the cost standard is taken to be 20% of the amount of income.

VAT is calculated and paid according to the formula = “amount to be charged” minus “amount to be credited”. VAT rates are 18, 10, 0%.